Sinking Into Society Essay -- World History

In any country botches have been the wellspring of progress. Regardless of whether it is security or legislative change or a transformation in the nation’s way of life and customs, those errors have made an enduring engraving on the brains of their kin. The sinking of one of history’s first journeys, the Titanic, has had such effect on the American individuals; Titanic can't be referenced without blending profound feelings for the individuals who have died. It is one of history’s most obliterating fiascoes however it is likewise the main boat to send the new SOS trouble call rather than the first CQD signal importance â€Å"all stations: distress†. Titanic â€Å"was the boat of dreams, whose travelers rummaged up their life reserve funds to buy a ticket abroad the lady ship† (Titanic). Built with tycoon suites and private promenade decks, Titanic â€Å"was the biggest moving article at any point made by the hand of man in all history† (Titani c). Nonetheless, in its assurance to make the excursion over the Atlantic the quickest at any point recorded, it eventually sank to the base of the sea, deserting an inheritance despite everything found in America today. Titanic’s notorious struggle has influenced America’s culture in inconceivable manners; its heritage can be found in American media, the producing of new mechanical progressions, and in the world’s current sea approaches. Updates on Titanic’s sinking arrived at America rapidly. It was headline news for quite a long time and the first occasion when that â€Å"a significant news occasion was accounted for to the open fundamentally through electronic methods, the remote telegraph† (Titanic as Popular Culture). The US National Newspaper expressed that â€Å"coverage of the Titanic fiasco changed New York Times into a worldwide voice due to its honesty, exactness, and quick coverage† (Titanic as ... ... the brains of the American individuals. It has changed America in astounding manners, and its heritage will keep on affecting American culture for quite a long time to come. Works Cited Minichiello, Ray. Titanic Tragedy Spawns Wireless Advancements. Audio UK Is the Webs Best Directory for Audio HiFi Dealers and Manufacturers in the UK. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. Titanic as Popular Culture. Media Awareness Network | Rã ©seau à ©ducation Mã ©dias. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. Titanic. Dir. James Cameron. Perf. Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, and Billy Zane. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 1997. IMDb. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. Titanic Disaster. Emergency Medical Paramedic. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. Wikipedia patrons. Changes in wellbeing works on following the RMS Titanic disaster. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Freeâ€Encyclopedia, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2012.

Essay Writing Tips - Improve Your Essay Writing

Essay Writing Tips - Improve Your Essay WritingWriting an essay is a time consuming task. You have to put in a lot of effort and research to make the work interesting. But in case your essay is good, you will get a lot of attention from the university or other institutions for which you wrote the paper. Theses are some of the possible reasons why people prefer essay writing.Essay writing can be quite difficult as well as time consuming. It involves lots of research, different types of research, details and analysis of facts and information and spelling and grammar. All this has to be done.In this article we will discuss about some of the ways to improve the essay writing. These include good essay writing tips, which are going to be discussed here:This means that you should look at the subject matter very carefully and study it carefully. At the end of the day, you should know what your main topic is. You should not neglect the importance of the essay content, but only look at the ess ay as a piece of art.If you know the main point of the essay and that the topic you are going to write on is related to that main point, it is better to write the entire essay, just like a journal article. In this way you are not going to forget any important information. You are also not going to forget anything because the essay is already organized in a good manner.The importance of grammar in the essay is significant. Grammar is an essential factor in writing an essay. If you are planning to write an essay, you have to take care of the proper usage of grammar.Essay writing is the most important part of your personality and you have to prove yourself before people. The better the essay is written, the more is the probability of getting admission in the school. The essay is the perfect platform for explaining your views and the opinions.The essay is a reflection of your life and reflects your character. In the first place, the essay writing is a method by which you can express you r personality. You have to be creative and original when writing your essay. So the main thing to do is to be creative, original and witty when writing your essay.

Scholarship Opportunities of Interest COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Scholarship Opportunities of Interest COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA’s Office of Financial Aid maintains a searchable database of scholarships and provides links to other free scholarship search sites here.  We encourage all applicants to search for these funding opportunities throughout the application process and even once they are enrolled. Here are upcoming opportunities that may be of interest to some students: American Association of University Women International Fellowships Application deadline: November 15, 2018 The AAUW awards international fellowships for full-time graduate study in the U.S. to women who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Note AAUW also offers other scholarship opportunities to American and international women.  More information about this is available here. P.E.O. International Peace Scholarship (IPS) Application deadline: December 15, 2018 P.E.O., founded in 1869, has awarded International Peace Scholarships to women from other countries to pursue graduate studies in the U.S. and Canada since 1949.   The maximum amount awarded to a student is $12,500 and award decisions are based on demonstrated need. Eligibility: International female students pursuing full-time graduate studies at an accredited college or university in the U.S. or Canada. In order to qualify for her first scholarship, an applicant must have a full year of coursework remaining, be enrolled and in residence for the entire school year. U.S. and Canadian citizens and permanent residents are not eligible, however students with residency for tax purposes  only  are eligible.

The Does Not Obstruct The Freedom Of Human Rights

Moreover, democratic rights and freedom for individuals are part of modern law; rulings such as sadd al-dharai could be presumed that these rights would be impeded upon. Shari’ah does not obstruct the freedom of humans right to life; it sets guidelines for a moral and ethical life (Ozalp, 2012). Shari’ah should be conceived as protection of human rights. Law has a purpose and its core entity of law is to serve justice (Rohe, 2014). Law no matter where in the world it is applied, tries to sustain a necessary order for its citizens and allow no room for undesirable conflicts (El-Fadl, 2006). The fact that such an Islamic ruling may already be in place would come as a surprise to many. Interestingly, in modern Australia the concept of sadd al-dharai is already in place. The underlying idea to sadd al-dharai is to maintain a wholesome, virtuous society by omitting the means to an end that will result in evil. It’s used a formula to find solutions to new issues (Kamali, 1999a). As an example from modern Australian law is the ‘lockout laws’, stemming from many years of the horrendous issue of alcohol fuelled violence on the streets of the city (Hall, 2015; Fulde, Smith, Forster, 2015). A form of ‘blocking the means’ became a necessity to eradicate an on-going concern. Prohibiting the selling of alcohol past a certain time has reduced the toxic environment and contained a decent level of social atmosphere. Constant violent events from alcohol-fuelled violence were not onlyShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay - The Legalization Of Euthanasia803 Words   |  4 Pagesthat society [places] on human life† not it s intrinsic value, which in the eyes of the law makers, might easily be eroded if assistance in committing suicide were to be decriminalized. Despite significant evidence to the contrary, this position has not changed. Why should euthanasia be legalized? 1. Right to die: Many anti-euthanasia proponents argue that euthanasia infringes upon a person s right to live. However, what they fail to see in their argument is that human life implies death. WithoutRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Assembly1366 Words   |  6 PagesWe see the word â€Å"freedom† appear everywhere in America. Our national anthem proudly proclaims that we are â€Å"the land of the free†; however, when people assert that this country was founded as a nation of freedom for all, they seem to conveniently forget that the only people such â€Å"freedom† applied to at the time were property-owning white men. Many would think that we have evolved as a nation since then, but various incidents throughout American history prove otherwise. 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And yet, 40%Read MoreModern Technology And Its Effect On Society Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesModern technology has given people many freedoms and the power to do many things. However just like the great words of Spiderman â€Å"†¦with great power comes great responsibility.† Along with these magnificent inventions came a greater and more efficient way for enemies of the country to destroy us. With the invention of planes came hijacking, with cars came unsuspecting car bombs, and with the internet came cyber-attacks. Governments all over the world continuously h ave to adjust to the new technologyRead MoreThe Legacy Of Magna Carta1205 Words   |  5 Pagesany way destroyed, nor will we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.† (Carpenter, 2 January 2015). This clause established the idea of the rule of law, due process, right to a fair trial, and trial by jury. All personal liberties enjoyed in democracies are legacies of the Magna Carta. The power of government has been limited as no one is above the law including

Reasons for Legalizing Marijuana - 841 Words

Reasons for Legalizing Marijuana Abstract Marijuana can be used by the public for many purposes. Medicine is an important part of our lives and marijuana has been tested to cure cancerous cells as well as help people with their epilepsy. Using marijuana for medical purposes is one major aspect that people should take into consideration for legalizing it. Marijuana’s market has also been brought to many people’s attention because it has been poised to grow faster than smart phones. Together, these reasons have been more than enough for people to consider legalizing marijuana. Reasons for Legalizing Marijuana Many individuals try to minimize conflict and reach an agreement without†¦show more content†¦In addition, â€Å"cannabis may offer fewer negative side effects that opioids-which can be highly addictive-and NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs), which can induce stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney failure† (Ultius, 2013). Many people from all around the world believe that marijuana is an addictive drug that has ruined the lives of millions. The U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that more than 37,000 annual U.S deaths are the effects of alcohol alone. Alternatively, there is not even a category for the deaths caused by marijuana. Many of us think that marijuana kills brain cells but studies show teens that use marijuana as well as alcohol suffered significantly less damage to the white blood cells in their brains. Alcohol use contributes to aggressive and violent behavior while marijuana will only make a person feel more comfortable. â€Å"Alcohol is clearly the drug with the most evidence to support a direct intoxication, violent relationships, whereas cannabis reduces the likelihood of violence during intoxications† (Shuette, 2013). The government does not even track violent acts specifically related to marijuana use. Marijuana and alcohol should be switched where marijuan a is legal and alcohol is not because it will benefit people more than alcohol will. With the debt crisis that we are currently facing, you would think the U.S would do anything toShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana should not be legalized There are many reasons why marijuana should not be legalized. There are also reasons why marijuana should be legalized. However, the cons for legalizing marijuana outweigh the pros, which lead to why marijuana should not be legalized. The topic of marijuana is extremely important in our society and one worth investigating. It was a blast finding information that I didn’t know about this topic. In this essay, I will break down facts, statistics, and data aboutRead MoreEssay on What If Marijuana Became Legal?623 Words   |  3 Pages Legalizing medical marijuana would reduce crime rates all across the United States. Marijuana is a widely used drug and a lot of crime revolves around it. A lot of money is spent on marijuana, whether it is at a dispensary in Colorado or police officers spending large amounts of money on drug busts. Police officers want a strong relationship with the community they serve. Police want to catch real criminals who hurt real victims. It would save departments a lot of money because they are wastingRead MoreThe Drug Marijuana916 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana is one of the most commonly abused drugs around the world and is categorized by the US Drug Enforcement Agency as a schedule I drug. This means it has a higher chance of being abused. (â€Å"Legalization of marijuana: potential impact on youth† 1825). Those who are in support of legalizing marijuana do not understand the negative effects of legalizing marijuana and marijuana use itself. 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Cultural Diversity within Organizations Free Essays

Addressing Cultural Diversity within Organizations Teg does non hold a diverseness direction plan or policy in topographic point. Cultural diverseness within organisations has been known to heighten productiveness and good inter-relationship between the employees. Examples of cultural diverseness are multicultural dialogue, communicating, direction every bit good as in other concern patterns such as enlisting. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Diversity within Organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now This sort of diverseness has gained significance in the current planetary economic system. However the cultural differences constructs and their effects on making concern and communication are complex and have several viing footings in usage. This paper seeks to set up the footings for cultural differences every bit good as analyze their impacts on an industry such as Target Engineering Group ( TEG ) . The paper besides seeks to set up the cultural diverseness plans that can be developed at TEG.The footings inter-cultural and multi-cultural are chiefly used when mentioning to the integrating of different civilizations from different states. In every bit much as this may be true, cultural diverseness besides embraces several local facets such as the ratio of adult females to work forces in a workplace. In Helen Sharp ‘s ( 1995 ) work â€Å"Challenging Students to React to Multicultural Issues† , there are two instances that query the possibility of an American working in a foreign land. Besides, the footings in cultural diverseness are non merely synonymous to international integrating, but besides to gender, race, generational or socio-cultural issues. Understanding the significance of diverseness is the initial measure towards turn toing the issues related to diverseness. The universe in which we live demonstrates a perfect illustration of diverseness. There is a diverse universe of the Moon, Sun, stars, planes and other organic structures with each holding its ain bound way every bit good as its intent fro being. Since the people who live in this universe are of diverse gender, race, cultural and geographical entities the industries and companies such as TEG must absorb and acculturate these constructs. The employees in a company are diverse in category, gender, faith every bit good as diverse states and backgrounds. For successful operation of TEG, it must follow civilization variegation to suit each of the above listed diversenesss. Cultural diverseness may be defined as the assortment of civilizations or human societies in a peculiar part – in our instance the TEG. Cultural diverseness besides refers to the cultural differences that exist between persons such as linguistic communication, frock and traditions, art and interests, moral and spiritual every bit good as the disparities in the manner societies organize themselves. Cultural diverseness is nevertheless hard to quantify but on the other manus it is easy identifiable. There are certain facets of cultural diverseness that deficiency at TEG on top of the deficiency of a diverseness direction plan. TEG does non hold a diverse group of the black employees every bit good as adult females on their staff. This is evidenced by the low per centum of black employees in this company. TEG has besides non taken the advantages that come with the acceptance of cultural diverseness despite being really successful in supplying professional technology services in t he tri-county parts of West Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade. Besides the Human Resource at TEG does non concentrate its attempts on seeking the services of the minorities particularly when advertisement for a occupation place. The occupation advertizements are placed on the web sites or the newspaper ( Keyton, 2005 ) . The companies that have developed cultural diverseness are making really good despite being in the same concern as TEG. The PBS A ; J is one of those companies that extremely values diverseness. Another illustration of a company that upholds diverseness is the Associated Engineering. This company has a enlisting scheme in topographic point that embraces diverseness by the periodic enlisting thrusts. These thrusts are geared towards capturing the services of immigrants from foreign part such as South Africa, Asia or Australia. In order to turn to these cultural lacks at TEG, the intercessions made must clearly place the demand, prosecute clear aims, make full a legal nothingness, every bit good as supply the appropriate accomplishable solutions by puting assorted norms and criterions. It is hence prerequisite to guarantee that each of the above demands is met for our instance in point-TEG. There are several facets that have led to the cultural diverseness lack at TEG. One of these facets is the deficiency off comprehensive vision on the effects of globalisation on cultural diverseness. In every bit much as TEG may be successful in the proviso of technology consultancy services, the company does non continue the diverseness of cultural look with respect to the mounting globalisation of the economic system. The attack taken by TEG does non encompass cultural diverseness and may be termed as disconnected. This relates to human rights, linguistic communication rights, heritage protection, international cultural cooperation, cultural policies, cultural pluralism every bit good as rational belongings rights. TEG requires understanding on all these demands as it strives to make diverseness within the staff ranks. The company should concentrate on enrolling the minority groups more so the immigrants. These persons have diverse cognition that would be used to the advantage of T EG. The article by Replicon Inc. merely wholly supports this position in â€Å"Employers Embrace Diversity: Immigrants go basis of company growth† . Due to the deficit of engineers and technology professionals TEG is bound to concentrate on the foreign chances for enrolling staff. The system has been adopted by Associated Engineering and it is really working to their advantage ( Hellriegel and Slocum, 2009 ) . Another challenge that could be confronting TEG and could besides be a possible cause of the cultural diverseness lacks realized is the trouble in turn toing the civilization issue caput on. The company seems to be more focussed on the commercial facet as opposed to the cultural diverseness facet. In order to accomplish a reconciliation between the commercial and cultural facets there is demand to openly show the cultural positions. Teg might be enduring from fright of the liberalisation of trade in the universe being hampered by developing cultural diverseness saving policies. However, cultural diverseness look will be critical in the capableness of the company following the alterations that come with globalisation. Therefore the company should subject the commercial issues to civilization jussive moods and therefore prevent commercial facet from ruling the concern. It is merely by cultural diverseness that the company can be able to recognize the commercial facets efficaciously. Teg can be able to advance cultural diverseness guided by the rules discussed below. The company must acknowledge the being of cultural diverseness as an of import tool for accomplishing the commercial aims of the company. Therefore, the company should confirm and acknowledge cultural diverseness at the local, regional and international degrees every bit good as reflecting on the policies brought by this diverseness towards recognizing the ends of the company. The company must besides advance participatory democracy. This means the publicity of heritage representation while including the active input of all the stakeholders. This would be achieved by the usage of dialogue, audience every bit good as engagement. Heritage representation particularly of the employees will actuate them to unwrap their diverse civilizations towards doing the company more successful. TEG must besides concentrate on coordination and cooperation. This means that the company should portion undertakings and promote cultural exchanges in a position of cooperation and coordination. This will guarantee that the company is maximising resources and the available expertness both at a planetary and regional degree. For TEG to accomplish cultural diverseness it must ship on community edifice and peace devising. TEG is bound to acknowledge and appreciate the sense of individuality and topographic point of the diverse persons it may enroll. By appreciating their diverse heritages and furthering a shared position, the spirit of rapprochement and assurance on the multi-cultural employees is built. This will climax in effectual occupation productions and broadening of the concern. Cultural diverseness is besides realized through capacity edifice. The company should be directed to transform and alter as per the multicultural societies that exist about. Finally the company should guarantee the resourcefulness of the diverse cultures it may hold in the signifier of staff. This will guarantee that the company can maximise on the variegation of the resources available to turn to the concerns of cultural economic sciences every bit good as cultural equity. The civilization of an organisation guides the members on how â€Å"work† of the organisation should be conducted. The civilization besides entails the grounds foe being and the aims of the company. Finally cultures in organisation order how persons should associate to each other at the workplace every bit good as to those outside the topographic point of work. As Cox ( 1991 ) illustrates, bias is the look of negative personal attitudes towards persons affiliated to a peculiar cultural group. Discrimination on the other manus involves the discernible inauspicious behaviour directed to members of a peculiar cultural group. Therefore, TEG must guarantee that it protects its resource of diverse cultured employees from these actions. This will take to peaceable and confident working countries. There are several dimensions to cultural diverseness non needfully established at TEG. These are: ethnicity, age, household position, income, Gender, military experience, educational background, sexual orientation, race, Work experience every bit good as societal category. All these dimensions must be considered in the event that TEG might desire to incorporate cultural diverseness by using staff from different civilizations. This is because of the fact that a heterogenous group of persons can merely work together and efficaciously through cooperation and consensus. The company must besides non bury about enrolling the local persons who are qualified for the occupation. This will guarantee the care of civilization within the part where the company operates. Two persons do non needfully have the same sentiment by virtuousness of being in the same cultural group. Therefore in every bit much as variegation should be encouraged integrating with more of the local cultural groups will besides turn out successful. In order to deduce maximal end product from the rich cultural backgrounds, TEG must set up degree playing Fieldss for the different cultural groups. Two qualified persons form the Black community and the White community should hold similar wage bundles as per their makings and occupation experiences. Besides the adult females employed in the company holding similar makings as the work forces should besides be given equal wage bundles. This will advance civilization equality that will heighten occupation production since no cultural group will experience inferior to the other. In any company, the first stage of deducing maximal benefits from diverseness is the development of a conjunct attempt towards what signifiers of cultural diverseness issues within an organisation. The recognition of the being of assorted persons and groups of persons with different cultural backgrounds is an of import measure in this initial stage. The assorted cultural dimensions that exist in PBS A ; J every bit good as Associated Engineering will be discussed in order to turn to the cultural diverseness issue amicably. PBS A ; J Corporation has been in the front line in encompassing cultural diverseness within its environments. The inclusion of a web page known as diverseness in their web site will decidedly work good for the advantage of the company. The web page consists of information on diverseness preparation, diverseness consciousness, and affinity groups every bit good as the CDAC-supported professional organisations web pages. This has enabled the company to offer best solutions to their patronages and at the same clip increasing their productiveness. The company besides offers diversity developing plan that include a one-day workshop. It is a known fact that the acceptance of cultural diverseness has its ain portion of disadvantages. There will be struggles, nerve-racking state of affairss and sick feelings originating from the acceptance of sub-cultures in these companies. Therefore it is necessary for all the persons to pass on about their cultural differences. However, it is hard to discourse cultural differences without fall backing to stereotypes. In ideal nature, stereotypes do non be. This is because no person is absolutely similar to another and no member of a cultural group can be a ringer of another. Besides, as cultural diverseness develops, the challenge of communicating besides arises. This leads to the necessity for greater attempts that will harbour improved and effectual communicating accomplishments. Therefore, PBS A ; J Corporation should follow effectual communicating schemes to be use by their multi-cultural employees. This will guarantee that there are no cultural struggles or favoritisms on the footing of civilization. Discussion and consciousness nowadayss a clearer image of cultural diverseness, understanding and appreciating cultural diverseness does non needfully bespeak digesting differences amongst the individuals in a group but it besides involves fostering and back uping them. By back uping and fostering diverseness within the cultural groups, the company will heighten its other aims through sharing of information, thoughts, issues every bit good as civilizations. It has been established that fostering diverseness creates chances for development of character through learning regard and tolerance for persons and advancing the concern for equity. For the company in inquiry to perpetuate and boom, it must back up a culturally-diverse squad that values and esteem all persons from different backgrounds. The acceptance of the position quo of cultural diverseness may confront some challenges but it does non function as alibi for avoiding passage ( Nestor, 1991 ) . The traditional thaw theory has two positions on immigrants who have settled in America. The scheme of immigrant has been adopted by Associated Engineering Corporation and it is working good. There is a high possibility that the immigrants will reside the characters and ways of their old states and intermingle absolutely with the new environment. However there are two false beliefs that are presented by this theory. The first one assumes that the colored Americans will endeavor to be like the white Americans. The 2nd 1 is that the colored people will non happen any importance in following the civilization of the new universe. Those false beliefs nevertheless have been marred by rejection and a batch of contentions. This is because of the impairment of the individual monoculture in today ‘s universe. Many organisations are following a pluralistic work force that continues to germinate through cultural influence and integrating. The Associated Engineering Corporation should guara ntee that the immigrants hired from different civilizations blend good with the dominant Whites civilization in the company. Another facet that was seen as a cultural diverseness lack in TEG is the issue of gender penchant. The company has adult females employees as compared to the work forces population. Therefore, TEG should increase the qualified female employees in their staff. There are other factors that impact the bounds to which diverse civilizations integrate with the bing 1s. The ground for in-migration of the recruited employees influences a batch. The vicinity or background of the immigrants must besides be established. Some immigrants come from cultural or non-ethnic vicinity that might act upon the attitudes of these persons towards cultural diverseness. The socioeconomic position, instruction and the upward growing of these persons should be evaluated so as to set up how good they adapt to the different civilizations they may confront. TEG ‘s mission is built to react to the client ‘s demands by supplying quality services through better direction of the personal resources. Theref ore, to guarantee that this mission is realized, the company should ship on publicity of diverse civilizations. Mentions Cox, T. ( 1991 ) . The Multicultural Organization: Academy of Management Executive, vol.5, no.2, pp.34-47. Helen, S. ( 1995 ) . Challenging Students to React to Multicultural Issues: Journal article by Janice Tovey, vol.60, pp.10-11. Hellriegel, D. A ; Slocum, J.W. ( 2009 ) . Organizational Behavior. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Nestor, L.G. ( 1991 ) . Pull offing Cultural Diversity in Volunteer Organizations: Voluntary Action Leadership. New York: Springer. Keyton, J. ( 2005 ) . Communication and Organizational Culture: A Key to Understanding Work Experiences. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. How to cite Cultural Diversity within Organizations, Essay examples

Stakeholder analysis

Problem statement Bit Torrent technology is a technology developed to enable users to share big files over networks. The files to be shared are however patented, under copyright and owned by media houses. This then makes implementation of the technology very tricky because whereas it may be useful and probably offer convenience, it could also lead to infringement of copyright laws.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Stakeholder analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Stakeholder analysis involves identifying the parties that have interests in the project (Resource papers in action, 2003). It is vital that as many stakeholders as possible be identified and be involved in the analysis so as to increase the chances of success of the project in question (Larry, 2000). In the above stated case, the main stakeholders were identified as: The media houses. The bit torrent technology inventors. Media regulat ing agencies. Projected beneficiaries of the bit torrent technology. Network administrators. Law enforcement agencies. Copyright law enforcers. All these stakeholders have to be categorised according to how much the project is going to affect them and how much influence they have on the project (Dick, 1997). This then allows for them to be categorised as follows: Stakeholders of high importance and high influence. Stakeholders of high importance but little influence. Stakeholders of high influence but low importance. Stakeholders of low importance and low influence. Stakeholder analysis matrix (Nzaid tools, 2007) Stake holder importance Amount of influence Intend to see the project succeed Media houses High High +/- Technology inventors High High + Media regulating agencies High Medium Neutral Law enforcement agencies Low Low Neutral Copyright law enforcers Low High neutral Projected beneficiaries of the bit torrent technology high Low + The analysis All the abo ve stakeholders are important in any analysis because they determine if the project succeeds or not in spite of whether they are of importance or not. Stakeholders of high influence and high importance are those that are directly affected by the project and are also in a position to highly affect whether or not the project goes through (Fletcher et al., 2003). From the above list, the stakeholders that can be deemed of high importance and varying influence (Land care research, 2000) may be: The media houses the bit torrent technology inventors Media regulating agencies Copyright law enforcers The media houses are very important because some of the files to be shared by the technology are under copy right and owned by them. They own the material that makes the technology relevant and therefore have very high influence on whether the technology works or not (Social Development Department, 1995). If they decide to completely halt the process by claiming their right of ownership of th e files, then the project would fail because the technology would be irrelevant if there is no material to be shared.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The bit torrent is another important group because they have the technology to develop the project. If they decide to halt the technology and not develop it, then the project would be in vain because there would be no technology to advance it.They therefore has a very high influence on whether or not the project goes through. Media regulating agencies on the other hand are important even though they will not be directly affected by the technology. Their role in this would be to ensure that whatever is agreed upon by the stakeholders of high influence and importance is followed by all parties. They would probably have some chance of mediating between the most important stakeholders who in this case would be the technology inven tors and the media houses. Copyright law enforcers have been identified as having very high influence in this particular project even though they are of low importance because it is upon the laws they enforce that the project must be based. If these agencies decide that the project would infringe on the existing laws, then the project would definitely be halted and probably abandoned. They can however in some cases amend the laws to accommodate new projects or also provide some means of mediation to reach an agreement between the stakeholders of high importance and influence. Media regulating agencies and law enforcement agencies however are of very low importance in the project because the project does not affect then directly. Their role is peripheral in just ensuring that the project runs within the law and in a regulated manner in the event that it is successfully appraised. Network administrators are stakeholders of low influence and importance because they only provide the net works for distribution of the files but have no influence on whether the project goes through. They also host other materials other than the shared files and these files would not be their primary business. Last but not least, projected beneficiaries are considered stakeholders of high importance because they would directly benefit from the project by accessing the shared files. They however have very little influence on the project as it is a finished product that would only be availed to them when ready.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Stakeholder analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Dick, B., 1997. Stakeholder analysis.  Web. Fletcher, A., et al. 2003. Mapping stakeholder perceptions for a third sector organization, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(4), pp. 505 – 527. Land care research,2000, Stakeholder analysis.  Web. Larry, W., 2000, Project Clarity through Stakeholder Analysis . Web. Nzaid tools, 2007, Stakeholder Analysis Process.  Web. Resource papers in action, 2003, Stakeholder analysis.  Web. Social Development Department,1995, guidance note on  how to do stakeholder analysis of aid projects and programmes.  Web.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on Stakeholder analysis was written and submitted by user Louis G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fall of teh House of Romanov essays

Fall of teh House of Romanov essays The Romanov family, a great and prestigious lineage, ruled over Russia from 1613 to 1917. Although it had, in the past, overcome all types of dilemmas, the Romanov family was to fall, at last, in 1917 with the resignation of Tsar Nicholas the Second. After the Russo-Japanese war of 1905, the Russian army was severely weakened and, as a result, the Russian government was forced to endure the restraints of a cautious foreign policy. As it was necessary for the Russian army to rebuild itself before Russia could again be considered as great a power as it had been, most of Russia's efforts had to concentrated within the country. For assistance in rebuilding its power, Russia received loans from France, which strengthened their alliance. After having been defeated in the Russo-Japanese war, Russia no longer had much influence in East Asia and therefore turned its efforts to the Balkan states where an unstable situation was developing with the weakening of the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian foreign minister, Aleksandr Petrovich Izvolsky, failed to consummate a deal with Austria over the control of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This resulted in Austria taking control of those two Balkan states; this national humiliation caused Ivolsky to resign. Because Russia had, for a long time, had a policy of protecting its Slavic brothers', the Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in June of 1914 and the ensuing demand by Austria of Serbia put Russia in a difficult situation. It could not very well back down to Austrian demands again (as it had in the Bosnia-Herzegovina affair), and yet to not give in would mean to set the two sets of alliances at odds (the Triple Entente against the Triple Alliance) and to put Europe at war. But, in accordance with the beliefs of the time, Russia decided in favour of the war in hopes that their power would be extended and solidified in the Bal ...

Is College Really Worth It Expert Cost-Benefit Analysis

Is College Really Worth It Expert Cost-Benefit Analysis SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips With tuition rising every year, more and more students are asking themselves, "Is college worth it?"Many people believe that getting a college education is an important part of becoming a successful adult. Others, however, find it difficult to justify the increasing investment necessary to earn a degree. There’s no one path that’s right for everyone, andit can be difficult to think critically about the decision to go to college when you’re feeling pressured one way or another. There’s no simple answer to this question, butthere is a rational way to think about whether college isthe right path for you. Just as with any investment, you want to think about the relationship between what you put into it (like money, time, and effort) and what you get out of it (like education, networking, and career opportunities). The more you get out of it ascompared to how much you put in, the better the investment. In this post, I'll go through all the potential benefits and drawbacks of pursuing a four-year bachelor's degree so you have all the information to decide for yourself whether college is worth it. A Bit of Background on the Value of a College Degree Before we get started, I want to fill you in on the how the worth of a college degree has changed over time. This way, you'll have a better framework for understanding whether a degree may (or may not) be worth it for you. Since the mid-20th century, the US population has becomeincreasingly educated - simply put, more people are getting bachelor's degrees. In this graph from the US Census Bureau, you can see how the percentage of people with BA degrees has increased from 4.6% in 1940 to 32% in 2015: US Census Bureau Graph There are many reasons why we've seen these educational attainment changes over time, including: The decline of manufacturing jobs, especially for unskilled workers. Employers seeking college graduates for positionsthat didn't previously require a bachelor's degree. Governmentsubsidies in higher education, making college more affordable (until costs rose to meet demand, thereby making college more expensive). Overall, there are a lot of financial and political factors thathave influenced this significant and prolonged shift in how people view college degrees: now, it's often considereddifficult to get awell-paying job (or any job, really) without a college education. That doesn't mean, however, that going to college is always the smart thing to do. It's a big decision, and it's one that warrants some critical thought. To help you think about whether college is worth it for you specifically, let's jump right into the good stuff: the possible investments you have to make to get a college education and the possible benefits you reap as a result. What You Put In: The Costs of College If you're thinking about pursuing a college degree, you'll have to make some sacrifices. The following factors are what I consider to be investments in a post-secondary education. The extent to which these investments affect you depends on your own unique situation, so I'll explainhow to think critically about theseissues in each section. Overall, the major investments you would have to make in a college education are money, time, and effort. Let's see exactly how these might affect whether college is a worthy investment. Money The amount of money that you invest in your education depends on so many factors: your specific school, your financial need, your academic strength, potential scholarship winnings, etc. In general, the less money you have to pay for school, the better aninvestment your education will be. However, even an expensive degree may be well worth it if it pays out in the long run (I'll talk more about that in a bit). Tuition is the most obvious cost associated with attending college, but you also have to worry about room, board, books, personal expenses, and transportation. For more information on all the nitty gritty details of educational expenses, check out our college costs guide. The financial investment you'll make in pursuing a bachelor's degree is perhaps the most important investmentto consider. The average US college grad leaves school with a pretty significant amount of debt - debt that's sometimes very difficult to overcome. There are ways to make your college education more affordable, but sometimes it's tough (or even impossible) to get those expenses down to a comfortable amount. There's nothing wrong with paying a lot for school or even having student debt - it's when those expenses become a burden that they become a problem. Time Most people take four years to complete a BA degree. Depending on your career goals, this may represent an opportunity cost - basically, you might be losing out on other valuable opportunities (to gain job experience, make money, or both) because you're spending these four years in school and out of the work force. A college education is definitely valuable to many employers, and it's correlated with higher earnings later on in life (I'll talk more about this soon). Butbuilding work experience in a particular field, in addition to building wealth, is also valuable - giving up on those opportunities is an investment (or a sacrifice) that you make in order to get a degree. Effort It’s easy to sleep in and skip classes once you have the freedom and independence of a college student. But you’re already investing time and money into your education, so it’s important to make the most of it while you’re there. Buildinga strongeducational background and making professional and personal connections (important benefits of getting a degree) doesn’t just happen - it takes work, and it can sometimes be stressful. It also may involve doing things you don't necessarily want to do, like taking required courses or completinguninteresting assignments. It's important to honestly consider these challenges (and whether you're up to them) before committing yourself to school, especially if it comes with a hefty price tag. What You Get in Return: The Benefits of College You might be feeling a bit iffy about pursuing a degree at this point, but don't stop reading just yet. There are so many potential benefits that come with a college education. The major benefits I see that come with a BA degree (although there canbe many more) are increased employment opportunities, higher income, networking opportunities, personal development, and learning experiences. Employment Opportunities Colleges and universities are recruiting hubs for many industries. When you study at a college or university, especially one that's well ranked, there are often opportunities tomeet with corporate employers who come directly to your school to hirestudents. There are alsointernship opportunities during summers for that could lead directly to full-time employment post-graduation. Employment opportunities offered through colleges and universities extend beyond the corporate world and into academia and professional fields.Any profession that requires a graduate degree (e.g. law, medicine, sometimes business) or is centered around research (basically any job in academia)requires a BA degree first and foremost. Higher Income On average, people with college degrees make more than people without college degrees. Even though you may sacrifice income opportunities in the short term by seeking a degree, you’ll likely end up making more in the long run. This is especially true for people who go into STEMfields. Employers may also assume you’re better qualified for higher-paying jobs if you have a degree. Some jobs may require a BA even if your degree isn’t related to what you’d be doing on the job. Networking Opportunities In a college or university setting, you’ll builda network of friends, but you’ll also developa network of acquaintances, instructors, staff, and alumni. With these networks, it’s a lot easier to get personal and professional help. These connections can serve youin many different ways, especially after you graduate. Here are some ways that a college or university network may come in handy: You move to a new city and need to find a roommate. You’re exploring a career change and want to chat with someone in a particular field. You need some professional guidance or a letter of reference. You’re looking for a new job. Harvard Business School estimates that 65-85% of jobs are obtained through networking- if nothing else, it's a huge help when it comes to getting your foot in the door. You don't even have to know very many people personally to benefit from a college or university network - alumni networks are a great example of this. Personal Development This benefit is a bit more subjective than some of the other ones I've mentioned so far, but I think it's just as important. People's experiences will definitely vary based on where they go to school andthe extent to which they participate in student life - in general, though, here are the ways you can expect to grow and develop on a personal level with a college education: Get exposure to diverse people and ideas. Meeting people with different backgrounds and perspectives results in greater open-mindedness and a more flexible worldview. One study showed that when people have BA degrees, they're more likely to believe that it'sâ€Å"very important to try to understand the reasoning behind others’ opinions." Meet long-term friends. You, of course, don’t have to be at college to make good friends. What’s special about a college environment, though, is that you’re living and working with hundreds or even thousandsof people who are around your age, probably for the first and only time in your life. It’s sometimes more difficult to make friends as you get older - a college is a prettygolden opportunity to meet people. Develop personal and professional interests. Manystudents head off to school with no idea what they want to do with their lives. College gives you a chance to try out different fields, especially if you attend a school with a flexible curriculum. Education Many schools(especially liberal arts colleges and universities) work to produce global citizens: well-rounded students who can be thoughtful and active participants in an increasingly globalized society. You can, of course, learn about things on your own, but college is really an ideal environment to do this - you have a structured learning environment, you're surrounded by intellectually curious peers, and you have access to experts in many fields. There’s a lot to learn out there besides what you’ve studied in high school, andcolleges offer courses on topics that you wouldn’t otherwise have access to. For example, you might want to explore world languages, niche humanities subjects, or specific and advanced STEM fields - all things that are difficult to study outside of a college campus. The thing I see as the biggest educational benefit to attending college is the access to professors, people who have dedicated their lives to research and teaching in a very specific field. Access to these faculty members is especially helpful for students who are considering an advanced degree. When College May Not Be Worth It If you have any desire to go to college, I strongly encourage you to consider it. Overall, I believe that a college degree comes with more benefits than drawbacks. Of course, there will be many exceptionsand individual differences - here, I'll go over some situations where getting a college degree may not be worth it. It's OK(important, even) to consider whether college makes sense for you, even if you've always assumed that you would go to college no matter what. If a DegreeWon't Lead to Professional Success College offers a lot of professional, personal, and intellectual benefits. Even if you’re not sure what you want to do after college, a degree will afford you some flexibility. But you don’t have to go to college in order to be successful - depending, of course, on what career options you’re considering (budding entrepreneurs, for example, may benefit more from real-world experience than from a college education). Some people argue that you can be just as successful with self-directed learning as you can be with a college degree. If you know you can graduate from high school and immediately start working towards your chosen career path, college might not be the best choice for you.Alternatively,if you’re interested in a career that requires trade or vocational school, it might be smarter to apply to those programs instead of applying to a four-year program. This way, you canwork toward building professional experienceearlier rather than later. If You Can't Afford It The total Cost of Attendance at private colleges can come to over $200,000. If you’re responsible for that entire cost and you’re not sure if you can recoup the investment post-graduation, a degree may not be worth it. If the expense is preventing you from looking into a college education, however, there are some options you should consider before making a decision: Not all schools charge $200,00 for a four-year degree. Many institutions are much less expensive (for example, public schools tend to offer subsidized tuition to state residents). There are many federal financial aid programs available for students attending almost any college or university in the US, and you only need to submit one (free) application. Learn more about the Pell Grant program and Perkins loans. If you're a high-achieving student, you might qualify for generous merit aid if you apply to particular schools. Learn more about colleges and universities that give great merit aid. If you think you might qualify for need-based financial aid, you can seek out schools that provide generous funding for lower-income students. Read more about schools with top need-based financial aidprograms. You can apply for scholarship awards, which are great sources of education funding for many students. Learn more about finding and winning local awards, and check outthe top scholarship programs for high school juniors and seniors. If money is the only thing holding you back from getting a degree, I urge you to check out these other funding options. You don’t have to be rich to go to college, and a degree doesn’t have to mean crippling expenses. To read more about paying for college, check out these guides: The four different kinds of financial aid How to pay for college: complete guide How to pay for college without your parents' help How to pay for college without loans If There Are Other ThingsYou Want to Do First (or If You're Unsure) College is a big commitment - if you want to pursue a degree full-time, you’ll be hitting the books for nine months out of the year. You may want to do other things with your time after you graduate from high school before heading off to college,like get professional experience, travel, or volunteer. The bottom line is that you can always postpone the college application process if you have other priorities or even if you want to take time to decide whether college is right for you. You don’t have to go to college right out of high school. Keep in mind that many schools allow you to defer acceptance. It might be easier to work through college applications when you have the support of a guidance counselor and when it's easy to ask teachers for letters of reference. Even if you decide to apply while you're in high school, it's possible to postpone attending the school of your choice for a year or two (or even forever, if you decide it's not right for you). Conclusion: Is College Worth It? Overall, college is a pretty good investment - many students who pursue a bachelor's degree end up reaping the benefits, whether they're financial, professional, or personal. But many others pursue a degree without spending some serious time thinking about whether it's a smart choice. You may feel thatyou should go to college if you want to be successful. AsI mentioned earlier in this post, there are many circumstances where a college degree doesn't exactly make professional, financial, or personal sense (at least not at this very moment). It's important that you know it's okay to postpone such a big decision if you remain unsure. If you do decide to take time to pursue an alternative path, remember that it's important to use your time wisely (else you're subject to the same types of opportunity costs that I mentioned earlier in the post). Building professional experience or engaging in self-directed learning are definitely not easy alternatives to a college education - they're just different. Whatever you decide to do - good luck! What's Next? One big part of the college application process is standardized testing. If you're researching whether college is a good choice for you, it may be helpful to learn more about whether these tests in any way predict future income.Some people even think that the ACT and the SAT have the power to predict success more broadly. If you're worried more about what the whole college application process will look like and you hope to plan around that, we've got you covered - check out our completetimeline for applying to college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract - Essay Example For example, in the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council7, the words â€Å"may be prepared to sell† constituted an invitation to treat and not a distinct offer. Indeed, the Gibson decision challenged the traditional view for formation of contractual agreement. In this case, Lord Denning asserted that when considering whether there is a binding contractual agreement, it could be argued that â€Å"there is no need to look for strict offer and acceptance. You should look at the correspondence as a whole and at the conduct of the parties and see therefore whether the parties have come to an agreement on everything that was material8†. However, there has been some uncertainty in this area of law as evidenced by the case of Carlil v Carbolic Smoke Ball Limited9. In this case, the defendant was the proprietor of a medical substance and placed and advert in the Pall Mall Gazette promising to pay $100 to anyone who used the carbolic smoke ball for two weeks and who for a limited time after contracted the flu virus. Carbolic Smoke Ball Limited argued that the advert did not constitute an offer but was rather an invitation to treat. The Court of Appeal rejected this argument and held that there was a legally enforceable contract. The advertisement constituted an offer to the whole world and was capable of amounting to an offer of a unilateral contract without the requirement for acceptance. The Carlil decision had far reaching implications for contract law, with some commentators arguing that there is no difference between an â€Å"invitation to treat† and a contractual â€Å"offer†10. However the facts of the current scenario indicate that Owen’s letter was a distinct offer to sell the car to Andrew for  £30,000 and the central issue in contention is whether Andrew accepted Owen’s offer to create a binding contract. Valid acceptance in law follows a

Square Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Square - Essay Example When Apple becomes the first to adopt this platform, it means Square will lose a lot of clients most so the technology oriented who are the majority in the current market place where convenience is the key determinant (Glover, Stephen and Douglas). The second need for Square Inc to adopt an e business platform is to enable it to extend into the non-US markets and this has to happen at the fastest rates. If this does not happen then the competitors like pay pal would snap the idea and use it to the disadvantage of Square. Square has therefore to be able to adopt the e business platform to catch up with the competition by being able to provide its customers with a variety of products, at affordable costs and with the convenience desired by most of the firms (Glover, Stephen and Douglas). Square will be able to integrate such operations through EMV in some countries and NFC in other countries. This would ensure that their operations are widened for diverse solutions in the vast financia l markets. Businesses face a lot of problems most so those that are involved on the online payment systems such problems range from the problems of uncertainty, the ever expanding global market, and the need for innovation. The largest problem is that which emanates from regulatory requirements. Uncertainty affects many business managers in the manner in which it would affects the operations of such businesses in the credit markets, global economy and how regulations would affect the operations of such businesses. Globalization affects the operations of Square due to the unpredictability of how different cultures would perceive their new products hence their penetration of the new markets (Glover, Stephen and Douglas). Before designing new products on the e business platform, such considerations costs the companies a lot of time in the manner they would conduct the same to get more customers while maintaining the ones they already have. This is because innovation and inventions are paramount most so in the volatile technology market. Square Inc faces a turbulent environment due to the existence of the competitors; this does not make the product design environment sleep because this would cost them from their competitors (Laudon, Kenneth and Carol). The business therefore tries to get the problem of innovation solved while still ensuring the control of the organization is in place. Without ensured control the hands of the law through enacted stiff regulations may also impact on the organization negatively. Regulations on energy, environment and financial policies are the most sensitive and require careful handling. As Square designs their new e business products they must ensure they operate under the regulations to avoid charges which are costly to businesses (Laudon, Kenneth and Carol). According to Harvard business review on business and the environment, the idea of business through the internet has changed how the customers interact with their providers and this has lead to the growth of e business. For companies like Square, e business is important because of several reasons. One is that e business leads to increase in the speed over which transactions are done. For example the time over which clients would do ordering is reduced since it can be done much quickly over such platforms since the internet covers a wide area network. For Square inc, e business would therefore mean better procurement and the

Payment Systems For E Commerce

Payment Systems For E Commerce The emergence of e-commerce has effectively created many new financial needs which in many cases cannot be fulfilled by traditional payment systems. By considering all of these aspects many organizations are exploring various types of electronic payment systems and digital currency and also various issues regarding these payment systems. Broadly electronic payment system is classified in to mainly into four categories: Online Credit card Payment system, Online Electronic Cash system, Electronic Cheque System and Smart Cards based Electronic payment system. Every system has its advantages and disadvantages for the customers and merchants. These systems have number of requirements: e.g. acceptability, convenience, security, cost, anonymity, control, and traceability. Hence, instead of focusing on the technological specifications of various e payment systems, the researchers have distinguished e payment system based on what is transmitting over the network; analyze the difference of eac h electronic payment systems based on their requirements, characteristics and assess the applicability of every system. I. INTRODUCTION Payment is the integral process in the mercantile process, electronic payment system is the integral part of the electronic commerce. Due to the emergence of electronic commerce has created new financial needs through which need for new payment systems has created while traditional payment system cannot be able to fulfill its needs. For example new payment systems are of the forms such as auctions between individual ¿Ã‚ ½s online results in searching for new payment systems that means peer to peer payment methods that allows individuals to make payments through their e-mails. By recognizing these needs all interested parties (i.e: government, business communities and financial service providers) are invading various types of electronic payment systems and issues regarding those payment systems and electronic currency. Some of the proposed systems are electronic type of the traditional payment system such as credit cards, cheques, while, others are based on the digital currency tech nology and have the potential for definitive impact on today ¿Ã‚ ½s financial and monetary system. While popular developers of electronic payment system predict fundamental changes in the financial sector because of the innovations in electronic payment system (Kalakota Ravi, 1996). Therefore in particular electronic commerce have many methods of payment systems, these methods of payment systems are developed to support the electronic commerce. A failure to take place these developments into the proper context is likely to result in undue focus on the various experimental initiatives to develop electronic forms of payment without a proper reflection on the broader implications for the existing payment system. The table below shows a steady increase in the annual growth of total U.S. e-commerce sales for the 2000-2009 periods. A. CONCEPT AND SIZE OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT The payment systems that uses electronic distribution networks constitute a frequent system in the banking and business sector since 1960 ¿Ã‚ ½s, especially for the transfer of large amounts of money. In the four decades that have passed since their appearance, necessary technological developments have taken place, which on the one hand have expanded the possible technologies of electronic payment systems besides they have also created new social and business practice, which make the use of these systems necessary. These changes, naturally, have affected the definition of electronic payments, which is emerging depending on the needs of each period. In most general form, the word electronic payment comprised of any payment (transactions) to businesses, bank or public services from citizens or businesses, which are made through a telecommunications or electronic networks by using modern technology. It is obvious that based on this definition, the electronic payments that will be the objects of present result, is the payment that is executed by the payer by himself, whether the latter is a consumer or a business, without the intervention of the another natural person. Furthermore, these payments are made from distance, without the presence of the payer physically and naturally it does not include cash. By providing such definition for the electronic payment system, this make researches to include the information concerning the accounts of the parties involved in the transaction, and also technological means of transaction execution such as distribution channel etc. Size of Electronic Payments: Electronic payments can be made in different forms, based on these forms electronic commerce payments systems are categorized as Business-to-Business (B2B), Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Consumer-to-Business (C2B) and Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C). Each of which has special characteristics that depend on the value of order. Danial, (2002) classified electronic payment systems as follows:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Micro Payment (less than $ 10) that is mainly conducted in C2C and B2C e-commerce.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Consumer Payment that has a value between $ 10 and $ 500. It is conducted mainly in B2C transactions.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Business Payment that has the value more than $ 500. It is conducted mainly in B2B e-commerce. B. CONVENTIONAL VS. ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM To dig the depth of the electronic payment process, it is better to first understand the processing of traditional payment system. A traditional process of payment and settlement involves a buyer-to-seller transfer of cash or payment information (i.e., cheque and credit cards). The general settlement of payment process takes place in the financial processing network. A cash payment requires a buyer ¿Ã‚ ½s withdrawals form his/her bank account, a transfer of cash to the seller, and the seller ¿Ã‚ ½s deposit of payment to his/her account. Non-cash payment systems are settled by adjusting i.e. crediting and debiting the appropriate accounts between banks based on payment information conveyed via cheque or credit cards. Figure 1: Conventional/Traditional Payment System Figure is simplified diagram for both cash and non-cash transactions. As cash Transferred from the buyer ¿Ã‚ ½s bank to seller ¿Ã‚ ½s bank through face-to-face exchange in the market. If a buyer uses a non-cash form of payment, payment information instead of cash flows from the buyer to the seller, and payments are settled between affected banks, who notationally adjust accounts based on payment information. C. PROCESS OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM Electronic payment system have been operating since 1960s and also expanding very rapidly as well as growth and complexity. After the development of traditional payment system new features such as Electronic Funds Transfer based payments methods came in to existence. It was the first electronic based payment system, which does not depend on intermediary of central processing. An electronic fund transfer is a financial application of EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), which transfers credit card numbers or electronic cheques via secured private transfer lines between banks and major corporations. To use EFT to clear payments and settle accounts, online payment services needs all the capabilities to process the order, accounts and receipts. But a landmark came in to direction with the development of digital currency. Use of electronic money and digital currency looks alike the paper money as a means of payment. Digital based currency system is having same advantages as of paper based c urrency system those are namely anonymity and convenience. As in other electronic payments systems (i.e. EFT based and intermediary based) here is also concern about the security in the electronic payment systems during the transactions and storage is also a main concern, although from the different perspective, for digital currency systems double spending, counterfeiting, and storage become critical issues whereas eavesdropping and the issue of liability (when charges are made without authorizations) is important for the notational funds transfer. Figure 2 shows digital currency based payment system. In this figure, it is shown that intermediary acts as an electronic bank, which converts outside money (e.g. Rupees or US $), into inside money (e.g. tokens or e-cash), which is circulated within online markets. However, as a private monetary system, digital currency has wide ranging impact on money and monetary system with implications extending far beyond more transactional efficiency. II. TYPES OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS With the rapid growth in the electronic commerce need for the payment systems are increased as that of e commerce by which dozens of payments systems are came in to existence and also they are already in practice. Grouping of these payments systems are made based upon the information being transferred online. Murthy (2002) explained six types of electronic payment systems: (1) PC-Banking (2) Credit Cards (3) Electronic Cheques (i-cheques) (4) Micro payment (5) Smart Cards and (6) E-Cash. Kalakota and Whinston (1996) identified three types of electronic payment systems: (1) Digital Token based electronic payment systems, (2) Smart Card based electronic payment system and (3) Credit based electronic payment systems. Dennis (2001) classified electronic payment system into two categories: (1) Electronic Cash and (2) Electronic Debit-Credit Card Systems. Thus, electronic payment system can be broadly divided into four general types (Anderson, 1998):  ¿Ã‚ ½ Online Credit Card Payment System  ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic Cheque System  ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic Cash System and  ¿Ã‚ ½ Smart Card based Electronic Payment System Online Credit Card Payment System: It seeks to extend the functionality of existing credit cards for use as online shopping payment tools. This payment system has been widely accepted by consumers and merchants throughout the world, and by far the most popular methods of payments especially in the retail markets (Laudon and Traver, 2002). These forms of payment systems are having many advantages, which were never available through the traditional payments methods. Some of the advantages of the online credit card payment systems are: privacy, integrity, compatibility, good transaction efficiency, acceptability, convenience, mobility, low financial risk and anonymity. Added to all these, to avoid the complexity associated with the digital cash or electronic-cheques, consumers and vendors are also looking at credit card payments on the internet as one of possible time-tested alternative. But, this payment system has raised several problems before the consumers and merchants. Online cred it card payment systems are also having many disadvantages lack of authentication, repudiation of charges and credit card frauds. It also seeks to address consumer fears about using credit card such as having to reveal credit information at multiple sites and repeatedly having to communicate sensitive information over the Internet. Basic process of Online credit card payment system is very simple as that of traditional payment systems. If consumers want to purchase a product or service, they simply send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment like any other. This can be understood very easily with the format (Figure 3) of Credit Card Payment Form. Electronic Cheque Payment System: Electronic cheque fulfills the needs of many business organizations, which are previously exchanging paper based cheque based on the vendors, consumers and government. Working process of e-cheque is as same as that of the traditional cheque payment system. An account holder will issue the electronic cheque document which contains the information such as name of the account holder payee name, name of the financial institution, payer ¿Ã‚ ½s account number and the amount of payment on the cheque. Most of the information is in un coded form. Like a paper cheques e-cheques also bear the digital equivalent of signature: a computed number that authenticates the cheque from the owner of the account. Digital checking payment system seeks to extend the functionality of existing checking accounts for use as online shopping payment tools. Electronic cheque system has many advantages: (1) they do not require consumers to reveal account information to other indi viduals when setting an auction (2) they do not require consumers to continually send sensitive financial information over the web (3) they are less expensive than credit cards and (4) they are much faster than paper based traditional cheque. But, this system of payment also has several disadvantages. The disadvantage of electronic cheque system includes their relatively high fixed costs, their limited use only in virtual world and the fact that they can protect the users? anonymity. Therefore, it is not very suitable for the retail transactions by consumers, although useful for the government and B2B operations because the latter transactions do not require anonymity, and the amount of transactions is generally large enough to cover fixed processing cost. The process of electronic checking system can be described using (figure 4) the following steps. Step 1: a purchaser fills a purchase order form, attaches a payment advice (electronic cheque), signs it with his private key (using his signature hardware), attaches his public key certificate, encrypts it using his private key and sends it to the vendor. Step 2: the vendor decrypts the information using his private key, checks the purchaser ¿Ã‚ ½s certificates, signature and cheque, attaches his deposit slip, and endorses the deposit attaching his public key certificates. This is encrypted and sent to his bank. Step 3: the vendor ¿Ã‚ ½s bank checks the signatures and certificates and sends the cheque for clearance. The banks and clearing houses normally have a private secure data network. Step 4: when the cheque is cleared, the amount is credited to the vendor ¿Ã‚ ½s account and a credit advice is sent to him. Step 5: the purchaser gets a consolidated debit advice periodically. E-cheque provide a security rich Internet payment option for businesses and offer an easy entry into electronic commerce without a significant investment in new technologies or legal systems. Electronic Cash Payment System: Electronic payment system is new technology in the online payment systems which improve the features such as security and privacy because it combines computerized convenience. Its versatility opens up a host of new markets and applications. E-cash is an electronic or digital form of value storage and value exchange that have limited convertibility into other forms of value and require intermediaries to convert. E-cash presents some characteristics like storability, monetary value, interoperability, irretrievability, and security. // By using all these characteristics it makes electronic cash more attractive payment system on the internet (Online). Added to these, this payment system offers numerous advantages like privacy, good acceptability, authority, convenience, low transactions cost and good anonymity. But, this system of payment also has many disadvantages such as poor transaction efficiency, poor mobility, and high financial risk, as people are solely responsible for the lost or stolen. Gary and Perry (2002), just like real world currency counterpart, electronic cash is susceptible to forgery. It is possible, though increasingly difficult, to create and spend forged e-cash. E-Cash Structure: e-cash structure could be identified as a string of bits that represents certain values such as reference number and digital signature, which could be used for the security purpose to prevent forgery and criminal use (Wright, 2002). But, the structure proposed by Wright (2002) needs some extension to make e-cash more secure. Therefore, the present model (Figure 3.5) adds a digital watermark to e-cash structure to protect it from the illegal copy and forgery activities further, the model modified the structure of the reference number to support tractability as shown in the figure 5. The proposed e-cash structure is comparatively better than suggested by Wright (2002), because security issue is given importance of top most priority in the present model. But, still there are certain concerns to be addressed for an electronic cash system. For example, who has the right to issue electronic cash? Can every bank issue its own money? If so how do you prevent fraud? And who will monitor the banking operations to protect consumers? Many of these concepts relate to the legal and banking regulatory aspects. However all these issues are beyond the scope of the study and therefore, cannot be included here. But, these issues must be addressed before establishing a complete e-cash based payment system. Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System: Smart cards are receiving renewed attention as a mode of online payment. They are essentially credit card sized plastic cards with the memory chips and in some cases, with microprocessors embedded in them so as to serve as storage devices for much greater information than credit cards with inbuilt transaction processing capability. This card also contains some kinds of an encrypted key that is compared to a secret key contained on the user ¿Ã‚ ½s processor. Some smart cards have provision to allow users to enter a personal identification number (PIN) code. Smart cards have been in use for well over the two decades now and have been widespread mostly in Europe and Asian Countries. Owing to their considerable flexibility, they have been used for a wide range of functions like highway toll payment, as prepaid telephone cards and as stored value debit cards. However, with the recent emergence of e-commerce, these devices are increasingly being viewed as a particularly appropriate method to execute online payment system with considerably greater level of security than credit cards. Compared with traditional electronic cash system, smart cards based electronic payment systems do not need to maintain a large real time database. They also have advantages, such as anonymity, transfer payment between individual parties , and low transactional handling cost of files. Smart cards are also better protected from misuse than, say conventional credit cards, because the smart card information is encrypted. Currently, the two smart cards based electronic payment system- Mondex and Visa Cash are incompatible in the smart cards and card reader specification. Not knowing which smart card system will become market leader; banks around the world are unwilling to adopt either system, let alone other smart card system. Therefore, establishing a standard smart card system, or making different system interoperable with one another is critical success factors for smart card based payment system. Kalakota and Whinston (1996), classified smart cards based electronic payment system as (1) relationship based smart cards and electronic purses. Electronic purses, which may replace money, are also known as debit card. Further Diwan and Singh (2000) and Sharma and Diwan (2000), classified smart cards into four categories. These are: (1) memory cards: this card can be used to store password or pin number. Many telephone cards use these memory cards (2) shared key cards: it can store a private key such as those used in the public key cryptosystems. In this way, the user can plug in the card to a workstation and workstation can read the private key for encryption or decryption (3) signature carrying card: this card contains a set of pre generated random numbers. These numbers can be used to generate electronic cash (4) signature carrying cards: these cards carry a co-processor that can be used to generate large random numbers. These random numbers can then be used for the assignment as serial numbers for the electronic cash. III. CONCLUSION Technology created lives easier for human beings. It has decreases the work up to many extends such as distance space and even time. One of the technological innovation in the banking and financial sectors is the electronic payments. // By using electronic payments we can perform financial operations electronically, thus avoiding long lines and other hassles. Electronic Payments provides greater freedom to individuals in paying their licenses, taxes, fees, fines and purchases at unconventional locations and at whichever time of the day, 365 days of the year. On the basis of present study, first remark is that despite the existence of variety of e-commerce payment systems, credit cards are the most dominant payment system. This is consequences of advantageous characteristics, most importantly the long established networks and very wide user ¿Ã‚ ½s base. Second, alternative e-commerce payment systems are some countries are debit cards. In fact, like many other studies, present study also reveals that the smart card based e-commerce payment system is best and it is expected that in the future smart cards will eventually replace the other electronic payment systems. Third, given the limited users bases, e-cash is not a feasible payment option. Thus, there are number of factors which affect the usage of e-commerce payment systems. Among all these user base is most important. Added to this, success of e-commerce payment systems also depends on consumer preferences, ease of use, cost, industry agreement, authorization, security, authentication, non-refutability, accessibility and reliability and anonymity and public policy. IV. REFERENCES 1. Abrazhevich, D. (2002) ,Diary on Internet Payment Systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Proceedings of the British Conference on Human Computer Interaction, London, England. 2. Anderson, M.M. (1998),  ¿Ã‚ ½Electronic Cheque Architecture, Version 1.0.2 ¿Ã‚ ½, Financial Services Technology Consortium, September 3. Baddeley, M. (2004)  ¿Ã‚ ½Using E-Cash in the New Economy: An Electronic Analysis of Micropayment Systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp 239-253. 4. Bhatia, Varinder (2000), E-Commerce (Includes E-Business), New Delhi: Khanna Book Publishing Co. 5. Boly, J. P. et al., (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½ The ESPRIT Project CAF ¿Ã‚ ½-High Security Digital Payment System ¿Ã‚ ½, ESORICS 94, Third European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Brighton, LNCS 875, Spring- Verlage, Berlin, pp 217-230. accessed on http://www.zurich.ibm.ch/technology/Security/Sirene/Publ/ BBCM1_94cafeEsorics.ps.gz. 6. Cavarretta, F. and de Silva, J. (1995),  ¿Ã‚ ½Market Overview of the Payments Mechanisms for the Internet Commerce ¿Ã‚ ½, accessed on http://www.mba96.hbs.edu/fcavarretta/money.html. 7. Chakrabarti, Rajesh and Kardile, Vikas (2002), E-Commerce: The Asian Manager ¿Ã‚ ½s Handbook, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. 8. Charkrabarthi, Rajesh et al (2002), The Asian Manager ¿Ã‚ ½s Handbook of E-Commerce, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.) 9. Chaum, D. (1992),  ¿Ã‚ ½Achieving Electronic Privacy ¿Ã‚ ½, Scientific American, August,pp 96-101 accessed on http://www.digicash.support.nl/publish/sciam.html. 10. Danial, Amor (2002), E-Business (R) evolution, New York: Prentice Hall. 11. Dennis, Abrazhevich (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Classifications and Characteristics of Electronic Payment Systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 81-90.

Lytton Strachey’s excerpt on Florence Nightingale Essay

Lytton Strachey’s excerpt depicts the popular misconceptions and the actual reality of who Florence Nightingale was. Strachey’s euphemism of calling Nightingale â€Å"the Lady with the Lamp† as opposed to the â€Å"agitations of her soul† portrays the idea that her reality was much more different than her false perceptions. Though he admires Nightingale with awe, he conveys his opinion by using dark and tainted diction – â€Å"morbid†, â€Å"Demon possessed her†. Though this might suggest into the thinking that Nightingale was evil and beyond human capabilities, it manifests that she was an extraordinary human with suffrages that make her a stronger individual. Strachey’s syntactical style enables the reader to dilute a clear view of Nightingale’s life. His creative tone in using rhetorical questions eradicates Nightingale’s courageous endeavor and capabilities. From lines 20 to 22, Strachey exhibits the truth that even when her sister had shown a â€Å"healthy pleasure† in tearing up her dolls, she should a â€Å"morbid one† sewing them back up. This idea seems particularly demonic and malevolent (the feeling she expresses while sewing her dolls) because she feels a sense of guilty enjoyment in fixing something that is not perfect. Her gratification is that of healing and â€Å"herself as matron moving about among the beds†. Continuously, these rhetorical questions delineate a fact and expound it further enhancing the reader to fully understand the structure of Nightingale’s motivations and drive. Another strategy that Strachey uses is the use of long and ornate sentences that are broken off by telegraphic ones. This technique enables the audience to feel an utmost sincere admiration for Nightingale (line 2 through 12). With the reader’s emotions at a peak, Strachey quickly halts your train of thought and hits you with a complete opposite idea. This makes the reader more vulnerable to what the author has to say because it catches them at their weakest moment (overflowing with sentiment). Strachey further commends in making Nightingale look like a legendary women who has undergone apotheosis causing the story to become an epic one. By living in the era of the Victorian age, Florence Nightingale’s story is an even more honorable one. This period came with the discrimination of women and their societal roles which intervened with Nightingale’s bourgeoisie  life. Opposing all the luxuries and dealing with the struggle pushed upon her makes her an immense figure in time. She fought for what she wanted: she opposed her family, the elite society, and the status quo that women didn’t work. With this, she possessed the energy to collect knowledge and achieve what she had â€Å"determined she would do in the end†: – gain her independence. Unlike the myths that casted Nightingale to a simple life, she â€Å"was not as facile fancy painted her†. She was a courageous woman who fought for what she believed in, even if it was morbid. In the last paragraph, Strachey defies a quote that her mother gives about Miss Nightingale. In this, she mockingly states that â€Å"We are ducks†¦ who have hatched a wild swan†. This quote, though given by Mrs. Nightingale, represents Florence Nightingale’s perception of her family (taken from the mother viewpoint). In reality she is blind that the idea that Florence has a different path to follow which involves helping the ill-fated humans. It is as if Mrs. Nightingale is embarrassed that she has done something with her life. In reality, Miss Nightingale is â€Å"an eagle†. She casts a brave, bold and independent shadow that wants to soar above the limitations of her family and social class. Florence Nightingale’s strive is marked with accomplishments and greatness because she surpassed all her obstacles, â€Å"held firm, and fought her way to victory†. This suffrage has made her stronger which is one of the reasons Strachey admires her. She did not get her life job on a silver platter; she worked for it, and passed through much hardship, making the prize the more rewarding. His via from the popular perceptions to reality permits the reader to comprehend the illusion and see that the reality was even superior and audacious; â€Å"in the real Miss Nightingale there was more than was interesting than in the legendary one†. Even his melancholic tone and diction towards Nightingale renders the stance that she was an amazing woman and worked her way out of the â€Å"tortures of regret and remorse† that were compelled deep inside her mind.